The Indus Valley Civilization: a Study,Table of contents
WebAug 18, · Essay on Indus Valley Civilization For Students. Indus Valley Civilization or Harappan Civilization Essay. It is believed that Indus Valley Civilization flourished WebThe Indus River Valley Civilization, BCE, also known as the Harappan Civilization, extended from modern-day northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and Missing: essay WebApr 10, · The Indus Valley Civilization is a very old, very mysterious civilization that not much is known about. What little is known is obtained from two things: Indus script, WebThe Indus Valley civilization is also known as the Harappan Civilization after the village named Harappa, in what is now Pakistan, where the civilization was first discovered. It WebIndus Valley Civilization Essay Ap World History Chapter 6 Study Guide. So many of the people at that time would travel two the Middle East, East Africa Egypt And ... read more
There is considerable debate about whether it was an encoded language at all and whether it is related to Indo-European and South Indian language families. The Indus script remains indecipherable without any comparable symbols, and is thought to have evolved independently of the writing in Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt. Researchers are using technological advances in computer science in order to attempt to decipher it. Ten symbols made of geometric shapes and lines, arranged in a horizontal line. The'Ten Indus Scripts' discovered near the northern gateway of the citadel Dholavira. Image courtesy of Siyajkak and Gregors of Wikimedia Commons.
The Harappan religion also remains a topic of speculation. It has been widely suggested that the Harappans worshipped a mother goddess who symbolized fertility. In contrast to Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilizations, the Indus Valley Civilization seems to have lacked any temples or palaces that would give clear evidence of religious rites or specific deities. Square tiles with symbols and animals carved into them. A collection of Indus valley seals. Image courtesy of World Imaging of Wikimedia Commons. Many Indus Valley seals include the forms of animals; some depict the animals being carried in processions, while others show mythological creations like unicorns, leading scholars to speculate about the role of animals in Indus Valley religions.
Interpretations of these animal motifs include signification of membership in a clan, elite class, or kin structure. One seal from Mohenjo-daro shows a half-human, half-buffalo monster attacking a tiger. This may be a reference to the Sumerian myth of a monster created by Aruru—the Sumerian earth and fertility goddess—to fight Gilgamesh, the hero of an ancient Mesopotamian epic poem. This is a further suggestion of international trade in Harappan culture. A steatite statue against a blue background. The statue depics a man with a beard and a headpiece wearing decorative dress across one shoulder. The statue is It was found in Mohenjo-daro in Among the various gold, terracotta, and stone figurines found was a figure of a priest-king displaying a beard and patterned robe.
Another figurine in bronze, known as the Dancing Girl , is only 11 centimeters high and shows a female figure in a pose that suggests the presence of some choreographed dance form enjoyed by members of the civilization. Terracotta works also included cows, bears, monkeys, and dogs. In addition to figurines, the Indus River Valley people are believed to have created necklaces, bangles, and other ornaments. Bronze figurine of a woman posed with her right hand on her hip. She wears a necklace and her left arm is bound with something, possibly jewelry or rope. Replica of 'Dancing Girl' of Mohenjo-daro at Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya in Mumbai, India. Image courtesy of Joe Ravi of Wikimedia Commons.
Institutions and hierarchies. How was Harappan society organized, and what institutions functioned as centers of authority? Archaeological records provide no immediate answers regarding a center of authority or depictions of people in power in Harappan society, and there are few written records to consult. However, Harrapan artifacts display an extraordinary uniformity. Pottery, seals, weights, and bricks with standardized sizes and weights, suggest some form of authority and governance, though it is not clear what that form was exactly. Over time, various theories have developed concerning Harappan systems of rule. One theory is that there was a single state encompassing all the communities of the civilization; this theory is supported by the similarity in artifacts, the evidence of planned settlements, the standardized ratio of brick size, and the apparent establishment of settlements near sources of raw material.
Another theory posits that there was no single ruler, but rather a number of leaders representing each of the urban centers, including Mohenjo-daro, Harappa, and other communities. It seems likely that there was not one centralized and all-powerful state but that various classes and centers of power were integrated into a decentralized structure. Written records gave historians a great deal of insight into the civilizations of ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt, but very few written materials have been discovered in the Indus valley. Though seal inscriptions do seem to have written information, scholars have not been able to decipher the Indus script. As a result, they have had considerable difficulty understanding the nature of the state and religious institutions of the Indus Valley Civilization.
We know relatively little about their legal codes, procedures, and systems of governance. Historians have made educated guesses about the nature of Harappan civilization from the available artifacts and physical structures. Some experts have theorized that the Indus Valley Civilization had no rulers as we understand them, that everyone enjoyed equal status. Some evidence in support of this conclusion is that most Harappan residents seem to have enjoyed relatively equal health and that there were not many elite burials, which archaeologists have discerned through mortuary analysis —the study of graves and deposits containing human remains.
However, this does not conclusively prove that Harappan society lacked any social hierarchy, and it could possibly be the result of other factors, like different beliefs about the afterlife. Some scholars point to varying house sizes and varied heights of structures to suggest that different social classes occupied different levels in the cities. Others identify items such as painted pottery, bangles, beaded ornaments, and even location within cities as indicators of wealth. A considerable degree of craft specialization also suggests some degree of socio-economic stratification. It is widely believed that the Harappan civilization was a peaceful one that did not engage in any warfare, but there is not conclusive evidence to support this belief, and some archaeologists consider it a pervasive myth.
Some scholars argue that Harappans were peaceful primarily because there were no natural enemies due to the geographic location of the major cities. Weapons have been found at sites, but there is debate as to whether they were used in conflict with other groups or as defense against wild animals. One theory suggested that a nomadic, Indo-European tribe called the Aryans invaded and conquered the Indus Valley Civilization, though more recent evidence tends to contradict this claim. Many scholars believe that the collapse of the Indus Valley Civilization was caused by climate change. Some experts believe the drying of the Saraswati River, which began around BCE, was the main cause for climate change, while others conclude that a great flood struck the area.
Various elements of the Indus Civilization are found in later cultures, suggesting the civilization did not disappear suddenly due to an invasion. Many scholars argue that changes in river patterns caused the large civilization to break up into smaller communities called late Harappan cultures. Another disastrous change in the Harappan climate might have been eastward-moving monsoons , or winds that bring heavy rains. Monsoons can be both helpful and detrimental to a climate, depending on whether they support or destroy vegetation and agriculture. By BCE, the Indus Valley climate grew cooler and drier, and a tectonic event may have diverted or disrupted river systems, which were the lifelines of the Indus Valley Civilization.
The Harappans may have migrated toward the Ganges basin in the east, where they could have established villages and isolated farms. These small communities would not have been able to produce the same agricultural surpluses to support large cities. With the reduced production of goods, there would have been a decline in trade with Egypt and Mesopotamia. By around BCE, most of the Indus Valley Civilization cities had been abandoned. What do you think? Why was it important that the Harappans developed standardized weights and measures? Do you think there is enough evidence to support the idea that Harappans were peaceful and enjoyed social equality? How did the Indus Valley Civilization interact with the river networks in the region?
Were there any detrimental effects of the location in such a dense river network? What do you think is the most plausible explanation for the decline of this civilization? Sort by: Top Voted. Want to join the conversation? Log in. Celina Webber. Posted 6 years ago. If their writing system is indecipherable, then how is it thought that they wrote right to left? Also, what kinds of "technological advances in computer science" are being used to attempt to decipher their script? Downvote Button opens signup modal. Flag Button opens signup modal. Show preview Show formatting options Post answer. Aglika Ganova. I have read that several of the inscriptions were compressed on the left side as if the writer ran out of space, and this led archeologists to believe they wrote from right to left.
why would they have all the bricks be identical? around this time building materials vary a lot.. why not back then as well? Dan Vedda. Stef is right about standardization applied to the actual structure--it's much easier and accurate to build with standardized components, and we do so to this day in our parts for construction, plumbing, etc. It''s also important to standardize the manufacture of these components--using the same size template meant that bricks could be made wherever appropriate materials were available, and then transported to building sites.
On site, bricks from a variety of makers and locations could be combined without the problems of mismatched components. Bricks could even be made ahead of time and stockpiled for projects yet to be designed. Comment Button navigates to signup page. Jonny Sweeney. So the Indus Valley Civilization is still a pretty huge mystery. But it's very very old, and they do seem to have had pretty advanced engineering. Do you think it likely that if they manage to excavate more below that pesky water table , and maybe find a Rosetta-stone-esque translation aid that we'll have to shift our "Cradle of Civilization" here? Navya Rao. Posted 5 years ago.
yes that would be crazy and shift mindsets of all historians and archaelogists. Aditi K. How does craft-specialization suggest socio-economic stratification? Does it have something to do with the value of the products they create, like in today's society? Posted 3 years ago. Craft-specialization means that the farmers are producing more than enough food for everyone, which means everyone doesn't need to be a farmer. Then people begin specializing in their jobs, like making hammers for example. With increased specialization, societies begin to stratify and create different classes. Is there any information of genetic studies done at these sites? Do the current population of these locations have any genetic similarities? Does the statue of priest-king or dancing girl suggest any facial anatomical reference with any race?
Yes, the people who live in the current locations of the Indus Valley Civilizations are the direct descendants of them. A significant portion of their ancestry can be traced to the Indus Valley Civilization. Rishit Patel. Posted 2 years ago. Quoting Chinmaybho "The rivers in the region were so regular and predictable, there were very few if no detrimental effects. Whereas in Mesopotamia, the rivers were irregular and aggressive, forcing them to build irrigation networks to contain the floods. The only detrimental effect of the rivers in the Indus Valley Civilization was that when the monsoons weakened and the rivers dried, the people were no longer able to practice their agriculture.
How many times did the Indus Valley civilization get conquered? There is no evidence that the Indus Valley Civilization was ever conquered. Caohuy Nguyen. Why would a civilization would thrive in the Indus River Valley? History Helper. Insightful question. If you look at many early civilizations throughout the world Egypt, China, and Mesopotamia , you will notice many similarities. The first common characteristic would be the presence of large rivers the Nile, Huang He, Yangtze, Tigris, and the Euphrates. Rivers create an idle starting location as it provides the water supply for survival, agriculture, and domestication. Furthermore, rivers are a good source of transportation, communication, and security.
Speaking of security. Social Life of the People 6. Economic Life of the People 7. Religion of the People 8. Art and Craft 9. Causes for the Destruction of Indus Valley Culture Contribution of the Indus Valley Civilisation. For a long time it was believed that Indians are stay at home people and our civilization was only of recent origin. But the excavation at Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, which led to the discovery of Indus Valley civilization, has set all these doubts at naught. It has now been established beyond all doubts that India possessed one of the advanced civilisation at a time when the English people were still living in the jungle age.
This unique and important civilisation of the pre-historic times in India was for the first time discovered by Daya Ram Sahni and R. Banerjee in and Further excavation were carried out along the Indus between Rupar at the foot of Shimla hills and Sutkagendor, miles close to Karachi, where similar remains were discovered. In recent years excavation at village Alamirpur near Meerut and in Saurashtra have also revealed the similar remains. All these discoveries point to the existence of an advanced civilisation in pre-historic India which is now popularly known as Indus Valley Civilization or Harappa Culture.
Though this civilisation is termed as Indus civilisation it covered even area beyond the Indus Valley. It extended from the upper Sutlej to the Gulf of Camba in the South and from Makran coast of the Arabian Sea in the west to the Jamuna-Ganges country in the east. Thus the Indus civilisation was the largest of the early civilisations. There has been much controversy amongst the historians regarding the race to which the people of Indus Valley civilisation belonged. Different scholars have tried to speculate, mainly on the basis of human skeletons and skulls found in the ruins, about their race. While some scholars are of the opinion that they were Aryans.
This point is not acceptable to Sir John Marshall. Marshall holds that this civilisation was quite different from the earlier Vedic civilisation and that it was quite different from that of the Aryans. According to Gorden Childe, the people of Indus Valley were of Sumerian race. However, he fails to give convincing and substantial proof in support of this view. Banerjee has expressed the view that the people of the Indus Valley Civilisation were Dravidians. However, if we take the funeral customs of the people of Indus Valley, it would be difficult to accept this contention. On the basis of the finds discovered Dr. Guha has expressed the view that the people belonged to a mixed race. Thus we find that there is great difficulty in ascertaining the race to which the people of Indus Valley civilisation belonged.
Most probably many races contributed to the evolution of Indus Valley culture and perhaps Aryans also formed an important part of them. But one thing can be said with certainty that the Indus Valley civilisation was of a very high order. The Indus Valley, civilisation combines the features of the Neolithic and copper age. The excavation at Mohenjo-Daro have brought to light seven different it layers of buildings, which have assigned to three different period viz. The early layers lie submerged under sub-soil water. After due consideration the scholars have assigned years to every age, and come to the inclusion that this civilisation must be having an early beginning because it must have taken the people quite a long time to develop such a urban life.
Another criteria adopted by the scholars in determining the age of the Indus civilisation is discovery of seals m Mesopotamia, which are dated back to B. On the basis of these seals and other available material the scholars have suggested that the upper most layer belong to the period C B. and the lower layers must have belonged to earlier period. Therefore, the period which is roughly assigned to the Indus civilisation ranges between B. to B. All the cities of the Indus Valley civilisation such as Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa, Chanhuduro, Lohumjudaro etc. Of a these Mohenjo-Daro is better preserved and its excavation has revealed the points that the successive cities were built according In tin plan.
This city was built after careful planning, as is clear from streets which though vary in width yet intersect at right angles. These streets thus divide the entire city into square or rectangular blocks, which are further intersected by narrow lanes. Some of the streets are very long and wide. At least one street has been traced which is more than half a mile long and at places over 30 wide. All the roads are aligned east to the west and north to south. The corners of the streets were rounded so that loads should not get dislodged. The bricks used for the pavements were comparatively of small size and were plain surfaced.
L shaped bricks were occasionally used for corners. Mud mortar was universally used. The plaster of the wall was mainly of mud or gypsum. The city had an elaborate drainage system, consisting of horizontal and vertical drains, street drains, soak-pits, etc. The architecture of Mohenjo- Daro though not quite artistic and beautiful was quite utilitarian. The peoples used burnt bricks in building walls, pavements, bath rooms, drains, etc. Some sun-baked bricks were used for the foundation. The foundations were usually very deep. The buildings were generally erected on high platform to protect them against floods, which seem to have been quite common. The size of the Dwelling houses differed from one and another.
The small houses consisted of minimum two rooms while the big ones had large number of rooms and often could be mistaken for the palaces. Each house had a wall and drain which were connected with the main street drain. Vertical drain pipes suggest that bath rooms were constructed in upper storeys also. The presence of the stairways also suggests that the houses used to be double-storey; The entrance to the houses were placed in narrow by-ways and windows were non-existent. The roofs were floored by placing reed matting of veans and covering them with mud.
The planning of the houses does not suggest any purdah. The size of the doors used in the houses varied from 3 feet 4 inches to 7 feet and 10 inches. In addition to the dwelling houses certain spacious and large buildings also-existed. Some of these possessed large pillared halls about 80 ft. These buildings were probably supposed to be temples, municipal or assembly halls. Another important feature of the houses which deserves mention was that the people were very fond of baths. In every house a special place was set aside for a bath-room. The floor of the bath-room was water-tight with a clear slope towards one corner.
The water of the bath-room would pass to the latrine which was generally situated between bath-room and the outer wall of the house. People were probably in the habit of taking bath daily. The love of the people for the bath is further confirmed from the discovery of a public bath at Mohenjo-Daro. This bath was 30 X 23 X 3 feet and was surrounded by varandah, galleries and rooms on all sides. It was constructed of the burnt bricks and was connected with the fine drainage system for filling and emptying it. The swimming baths were filled with the water from the wells, which were built of burnt bricks. With a view to keep the wells neat and clean steps were provided. In addition to the Great Bath at Mohenjo-Daro, a bath has also been discovered at Harappa which measures 39 X 13 X 8 feet.
The walls of this bath were plastered with gypsum and lime morter. People used these baths on religious occasions as well as otherwise. Thus we find that the people of Indus Valley civilization attached great significance to the bath like the Hindus. Careful study of the above features of town planning viz. adequate water supply, efficient drainage system, and existence of pucca houses shows that the art of town planning and architecture was quite advanced. The presence of lamp posts at intervals indicates that the system of street lighting also existed. In short we can agree with Dr. It has already been observed that the people of Mohenjo-Daro were of cosmopolitan character.
Evidently these people were attracted by the fertility and productivity of the area and came from different parts of Asia. The people of the Indus Valley were both vegetarian and non-vegetarian. They cultivated wheat, bailey rice and bred cattle sheep, fish and poultry for food. They also used fish as food. They were also in the habit of taking fruits and vegetables and date was the most favorite fruit of the people. As regards, the non-vegetarian food they took beef, mutton, poultry, flesh etc.. This has been proved by the discovery of half-burnt bones, found in the houses, lanes and streets. The Indus Valley people domesticated various types of animals. The most common amongst them were the buffalo, sheep, goat, camel, cow etc.
They worshipped the humped bull which has been proved by the various seals. However, certain scholars have taken certain bones recovered on the upper-most layer as bones of the horse, while the others have denied. The people also knew about wild animals like lion, rhinoceros, tiger, monkey, bear etc. In addition they also knew about similar animals like mongoose, squirrel, parrot, peacock, cat etc. This is borne out by the presence of large number of clay models or toys of these animals. As regards the dresses no actual specimens of clothing have fallen into the hands of the excavators and we have to make conjectures about their dress from the various figures. Most probably both cotton and woolen clothes were used by the people. The clothes were sewn as has been indicated by the discovery of needles.
We can form an idea about the dress used by the people from the various sculptures of the age. It appears that the women used loin cloth bound by a girdle. In fact there was very little difference between the dress of the males and the females. Most of the people used lower garments which resembles the modern dhoti along with the upper garments which was a type of a shawal. The people of Indus Valley were great lovers of fashion. Men kept various types of beards and whiskers. The women were also very fashion conscious and bore fan-shaped hair dress. Various objects of head dressing like ivory combs, bronze mirrors have been discovered.
People were in the habit of using antimony also. The discovery of various toilet jars made of ivory, metal pottery and stone have led the scholars to the conclusion that the people were in the habit of using powder. Both men and women were in the habit of using ornaments. These ornaments were made of clay and various metals like gold, silver, copper, bronze etc. On the other hand ornaments like girdles, nose studs, ear-rings and anklets were used by women alone.
In this essay we will discuss about Indus Valley Civilisation:- 1. Introduction to Indus Valley Civilisation 2. Race of Indus Civilisation 3. Date 4. Town Planning and Architecture 5. Social Life of the People 6. Economic Life of the People 7. Religion of the People 8. Art and Craft 9. Causes for the Destruction of Indus Valley Culture Contribution of the Indus Valley Civilisation. For a long time it was believed that Indians are stay at home people and our civilization was only of recent origin. But the excavation at Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, which led to the discovery of Indus Valley civilization, has set all these doubts at naught.
It has now been established beyond all doubts that India possessed one of the advanced civilisation at a time when the English people were still living in the jungle age. This unique and important civilisation of the pre-historic times in India was for the first time discovered by Daya Ram Sahni and R. Banerjee in and Further excavation were carried out along the Indus between Rupar at the foot of Shimla hills and Sutkagendor, miles close to Karachi, where similar remains were discovered. In recent years excavation at village Alamirpur near Meerut and in Saurashtra have also revealed the similar remains.
All these discoveries point to the existence of an advanced civilisation in pre-historic India which is now popularly known as Indus Valley Civilization or Harappa Culture. Though this civilisation is termed as Indus civilisation it covered even area beyond the Indus Valley. It extended from the upper Sutlej to the Gulf of Camba in the South and from Makran coast of the Arabian Sea in the west to the Jamuna-Ganges country in the east. Thus the Indus civilisation was the largest of the early civilisations. There has been much controversy amongst the historians regarding the race to which the people of Indus Valley civilisation belonged. Different scholars have tried to speculate, mainly on the basis of human skeletons and skulls found in the ruins, about their race.
While some scholars are of the opinion that they were Aryans. This point is not acceptable to Sir John Marshall. Marshall holds that this civilisation was quite different from the earlier Vedic civilisation and that it was quite different from that of the Aryans. According to Gorden Childe, the people of Indus Valley were of Sumerian race. However, he fails to give convincing and substantial proof in support of this view. Banerjee has expressed the view that the people of the Indus Valley Civilisation were Dravidians. However, if we take the funeral customs of the people of Indus Valley, it would be difficult to accept this contention. On the basis of the finds discovered Dr. Guha has expressed the view that the people belonged to a mixed race. Thus we find that there is great difficulty in ascertaining the race to which the people of Indus Valley civilisation belonged.
Most probably many races contributed to the evolution of Indus Valley culture and perhaps Aryans also formed an important part of them. But one thing can be said with certainty that the Indus Valley civilisation was of a very high order. The Indus Valley, civilisation combines the features of the Neolithic and copper age. The excavation at Mohenjo-Daro have brought to light seven different it layers of buildings, which have assigned to three different period viz. The early layers lie submerged under sub-soil water. After due consideration the scholars have assigned years to every age, and come to the inclusion that this civilisation must be having an early beginning because it must have taken the people quite a long time to develop such a urban life.
Another criteria adopted by the scholars in determining the age of the Indus civilisation is discovery of seals m Mesopotamia, which are dated back to B. On the basis of these seals and other available material the scholars have suggested that the upper most layer belong to the period C B. and the lower layers must have belonged to earlier period. Therefore, the period which is roughly assigned to the Indus civilisation ranges between B. to B. All the cities of the Indus Valley civilisation such as Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa, Chanhuduro, Lohumjudaro etc.
Of a these Mohenjo-Daro is better preserved and its excavation has revealed the points that the successive cities were built according In tin plan. This city was built after careful planning, as is clear from streets which though vary in width yet intersect at right angles. These streets thus divide the entire city into square or rectangular blocks, which are further intersected by narrow lanes. Some of the streets are very long and wide. At least one street has been traced which is more than half a mile long and at places over 30 wide.
All the roads are aligned east to the west and north to south. The corners of the streets were rounded so that loads should not get dislodged. The bricks used for the pavements were comparatively of small size and were plain surfaced. L shaped bricks were occasionally used for corners. Mud mortar was universally used. The plaster of the wall was mainly of mud or gypsum. The city had an elaborate drainage system, consisting of horizontal and vertical drains, street drains, soak-pits, etc. The architecture of Mohenjo- Daro though not quite artistic and beautiful was quite utilitarian. The peoples used burnt bricks in building walls, pavements, bath rooms, drains, etc. Some sun-baked bricks were used for the foundation.
The foundations were usually very deep. The buildings were generally erected on high platform to protect them against floods, which seem to have been quite common. The size of the Dwelling houses differed from one and another. The small houses consisted of minimum two rooms while the big ones had large number of rooms and often could be mistaken for the palaces. Each house had a wall and drain which were connected with the main street drain. Vertical drain pipes suggest that bath rooms were constructed in upper storeys also. The presence of the stairways also suggests that the houses used to be double-storey; The entrance to the houses were placed in narrow by-ways and windows were non-existent.
The roofs were floored by placing reed matting of veans and covering them with mud. The planning of the houses does not suggest any purdah. The size of the doors used in the houses varied from 3 feet 4 inches to 7 feet and 10 inches. In addition to the dwelling houses certain spacious and large buildings also-existed. Some of these possessed large pillared halls about 80 ft. These buildings were probably supposed to be temples, municipal or assembly halls. Another important feature of the houses which deserves mention was that the people were very fond of baths. In every house a special place was set aside for a bath-room. The floor of the bath-room was water-tight with a clear slope towards one corner. The water of the bath-room would pass to the latrine which was generally situated between bath-room and the outer wall of the house.
People were probably in the habit of taking bath daily. The love of the people for the bath is further confirmed from the discovery of a public bath at Mohenjo-Daro. This bath was 30 X 23 X 3 feet and was surrounded by varandah, galleries and rooms on all sides. It was constructed of the burnt bricks and was connected with the fine drainage system for filling and emptying it. The swimming baths were filled with the water from the wells, which were built of burnt bricks. With a view to keep the wells neat and clean steps were provided. In addition to the Great Bath at Mohenjo-Daro, a bath has also been discovered at Harappa which measures 39 X 13 X 8 feet.
The walls of this bath were plastered with gypsum and lime morter. People used these baths on religious occasions as well as otherwise. Thus we find that the people of Indus Valley civilization attached great significance to the bath like the Hindus. Careful study of the above features of town planning viz. adequate water supply, efficient drainage system, and existence of pucca houses shows that the art of town planning and architecture was quite advanced. The presence of lamp posts at intervals indicates that the system of street lighting also existed. In short we can agree with Dr. It has already been observed that the people of Mohenjo-Daro were of cosmopolitan character. Evidently these people were attracted by the fertility and productivity of the area and came from different parts of Asia.
The people of the Indus Valley were both vegetarian and non-vegetarian. They cultivated wheat, bailey rice and bred cattle sheep, fish and poultry for food. They also used fish as food. They were also in the habit of taking fruits and vegetables and date was the most favorite fruit of the people. As regards, the non-vegetarian food they took beef, mutton, poultry, flesh etc..
Indus River Valley Civilization Essay,Predecessors
WebThe Indus Valley civilization is also known as the Harappan Civilization after the village named Harappa, in what is now Pakistan, where the civilization was first discovered. It WebJul 31, · The Indus Valley civilisation is besides known as the Harappan Civilization after the small town named Harappa, in what is now Pakistan, where the civilisation was WebThe Indus River Valley Civilization, BCE, also known as the Harappan Civilization, extended from modern-day northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and Missing: essay WebIndus Valley Civilization Essay Ap World History Chapter 6 Study Guide. So many of the people at that time would travel two the Middle East, East Africa Egypt And WebApr 10, · The Indus Valley Civilization is a very old, very mysterious civilization that not much is known about. What little is known is obtained from two things: Indus script, WebAug 18, · Essay on Indus Valley Civilization For Students. Indus Valley Civilization or Harappan Civilization Essay. It is believed that Indus Valley Civilization flourished ... read more
Ancient Civilizations of India and China Essay. Mostly the major goods of the internal trade were cotton, lumber, grain, livestock and other food stuffs. Show preview Show formatting options Post answer. Compare And Contrast The Mayan Civilizations Words 4 Pages. At its peak, the Indus Valley Civilization may have had a population of over five million people. Indus Valley Civilization Essay Decent Essays. Don't use plagiarized sources.
In recent years excavation at village Alamirpur near Meerut and in Saurashtra have also revealed the similar remains. Read More. bull was regarded as the vehicle of Lord Siva. The city had an elaborate drainage system, consisting of horizontal and vertical drains, street drains, soak-pits, etc. They proceeded to destruct much of the essay on indus valley civilization archeological grounds.
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